Dry eye disease represents a growing burden on the healthcare system. The overall cost of dry eye disease in the US is estimated at $55.4 billion annually. Dry eyes can significantly affect visual acuity, daily activities, social and physical functioning, and workplace productivity. The literature supports that many individuals with dry eye symptoms remain undiagnosed. In a U.S.-based Health and Wellness Survey of more than 75,000 participants, approximately 2.5% of participants reported having experienced dry eye but never receiving a diagnosis. Dry eye disease management is challenging due to its complex pathogenesis and heterogenous clinical presentation. Clinicians should review the 2019 American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations for the management of dry eye, which stratify patients by disease severity and suggest a stepwise approach to treatment. Additionally, an understanding of the agents available including their MOA, and efficacy/safety data is needed in order to treat dry eye according to etiology and not just severity.

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